Are special districts strategic complements or strategic substitutes?
研究美国城市县1972-2017年数据发现，特别区进入公共服务市场会替代县级政府的服务支出，但不对市级政府产生类似影响，且替代效应主要出现在消防、排污等大区域服务中。
Abstract What happens to general‐purpose local government spending for service provision when a special district enters the public service market? Theoretically, special districts can act either as complements by supplementing existing service provision spending or as substitutes by supplanting current service provision spending. We find a substitution effect using fixed effects regression on urban counties in the United States from 1972 to 2017. Special districts replace spending for public service provision by county governments; however, we find no similar result for municipal governments. But the results are nuanced—findings are confined mainly to public services that tend to cover large land areas, like fire protection, sewerage, and solid waste management. Furthermore, we find evidence that day‐to‐day operations drive observed substitution, and that county size is an important factor depending on the functional service area.