Natural born violence? Understanding street‐level bureaucrats' use of violence: Police officers and protests
基于对巴西警察处理抗议活动的民族志研究，分析街头官僚使用暴力的四个因素：制度逻辑、情境类型、报复与取乐欲望、问责缺失，为理解暴力行为提供更复杂的解释。
Abstract What factors influence street‐level bureaucrats' (SLBs) use of violence? To answer this question, we focus on police officers, a typical example of SLBs, who can lawfully use violence whenever they deem it necessary. Based on ethnographic work among Brazilian police officers dealing with protests, we analyze how violence erupts in the interaction between police officers and protesters. We contribute to the literature by suggesting that no single factor alone can explain the actions of SLBs regarding the use of violence, as previous research has posited. We demonstrate how the interplay between four factors explains the use of violence by SLBs: (1) institutional logic, (2) type of situation, (3) desire for revenge and having fun, and (4) lack of accountability. As such, we propose a more complex account of SLB's use of violence.