Training with AI: Evidence from chess computers
研究发现，国际象棋计算机作为人工训练伙伴，帮助棋手克服了人类训练伙伴稀缺的瓶颈，提升了棋艺，但无法完全替代人类训练，因为棋手未能学会利用人类特有的错误。
Abstract We suggest that AI can help decision‐makers learn; specifically, that it can help them learn strategic interactions by serving as artificial training partners and thus help them to overcome a bottleneck of scarce human training partners. We present evidence from chess computers, the first widespread incarnation of AI. Leveraging the staggered diffusion of chess computers, we find that they did indeed help chess players improve by serving as a substitute for scarce human training partners. We also illustrate that chess computers were not a perfect substitute, as players training with them were not exposed to and thus did not learn to exploit idiosyncratic (“human”) mistakes. We discuss implications for research on learning, on AI in management and strategy, and on competitive advantage.