Entrepreneurial identity and response strategies in the informal economy
通过研究加纳非正规经济中的创业者，识别出四种创业身份（守护者、生存型、兜售者、成长型）及其对应的三种应对策略（屈服、即兴发挥、突破边界），揭示资源稀缺和不确定性如何塑造弱势创业者的行为。
While entrepreneurs generally confront many challenges in running their businesses, those in the informal economy must do so in a state of constant environmental change outside the boundaries and support of formal institutions. We explore how the identity of such underdog entrepreneurs shapes their response strategies to situations of adversity that characterize the informal economy. Through an exploratory study of informal entrepreneurs in Ghana, we uncover four entrepreneurial identities (guardians, survival entrepreneurs, canvassers, and growth-oriented entrepreneurs) and discuss how these are closely related to three key response strategies (succumb, improvise, and push new boundaries). These findings show how resource scarcity and uncertainty shape underdog entrepreneurial behavior. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.