Labor Market Nationalization Policies and Exporting Firm Outcomes: Evidence from Saudi Arabia
研究沙特阿拉伯的Nitaqat政策对出口企业的影响，发现该政策虽增加了沙特籍员工就业，但导致企业退出率上升、出口概率下降，且出口额减少10%-20%，短期效应持续至少3年。
In the past decade, Gulf countries have imposed hiring quotas to promote native participation in the private sector and address unemployment. We explore how one such policy, Nitaqat in Saudi Arabia, affected exporting firms. We find that while the policy increased Saudi employment by these firms, it came at a cost. In the year following implementation, relative to firms above the quota, firms below were 1.5 percentage points more likely to exit the market and 7 percentage points less likely to export, and conditional on exporting, their exports fell by 10%–20%. These short-term effects persisted for at least 3 years.