The Costs of Paying Overt and Covert Attention Assessed With Pupillometry
通过瞳孔测量实验发现，伴随眼跳的显性注意转移比隐性注意转移成本更高，且斜向眼跳比水平和垂直眼跳成本更高，这有助于理解注意转移的决策机制。
Attention can be shifted with or without an accompanying saccade (i.e., overtly or covertly, respectively). Thus far, it is unknown how cognitively costly these shifts are, yet such quantification is necessary to understand how and when attention is deployed overtly or covertly. In our first experiment ( N = 24 adults), we used pupillometry to show that shifting attention overtly is more costly than shifting attention covertly, likely because planning saccades is more complex. We pose that these differential costs will, in part, determine whether attention is shifted overtly or covertly in a given context. A subsequent experiment ( N = 24 adults) showed that relatively complex oblique saccades are more costly than relatively simple saccades in horizontal or vertical directions. This provides a possible explanation for the cardinal-direction bias of saccades. The utility of a cost perspective as presented here is vital to furthering our understanding of the multitude of decisions involved in processing and interacting with the external world efficiently.