ELECTORAL MALDISTRICTING
提出一个理论框架来研究选举中的不公正选区划分，即为了党派利益故意划分选区而损害选民福利，并构建了一个衡量不公正意图的指数。利用2008年总统选举数据和2010年人口普查的选区地图，发现选区地图存在偏向共和党的倾向。
Abstract We introduce a framework to theoretically and empirically examine electoral maldistricting—the intentional drawing of electoral districts to advance partisan objectives, compromising voter welfare. We identify the legislatures that maximize voter welfare and those that maximize partisan goals, and incorporate them into a maldistricting index. This index measures the intent to maldistrict by comparing distances from the actual legislature to the nearest partisan and welfare‐maximizing legislatures. Using 2008 presidential election data and 2010 census‐based district maps, we find a Republican‐leaning bias in district maps. Our index tracks court rulings in intuitive ways.