When the league table lies: Does outcome bias lead to informationally inefficient markets?
研究结果偏差是否在受经济激励的市场中持续存在，通过欧洲足球博彩交易所数据发现，市场定价高估了此前表现超常的球队的获胜概率，导致信息无效。
Abstract We study whether outcome bias persists in markets with actors who are financially incentivized to make optimal decisions. We test whether inherently noisy match outcomes from European football are correctly incorporated into prices from a betting exchange market. We find that market prices overestimate (underestimate) the winning probability of teams that previously overperformed (underperformed) in terms of match outcomes compared to their performance based on “expected goals.” This pattern is mirrored in negative (positive) betting returns on overperforming (underperforming) teams. These results suggest that even competitive market mechanisms fail to completely erase outcome bias.