Constraints on City and Neighborhood Growth: The Central Role of Housing Supply
研究了1980至2020年间美国城市人口增长集中在阳光地带和城市边缘的现象，发现住房供应约束导致需求增长更多表现为价格上涨而非住房或人口增加，新住房成本在开发密集和监管严格的地区更高，且这些力量随时间增强。
The US urban population increased by almost 50 percent between 1980 and 2020, with this growth heavily concentrated in the Sun Belt and at the fringes of metropolitan areas. This paper considers the role of housing supply in shaping the growth of cities and neighborhoods. Housing supply constraints have meant that demand growth has increasingly manifested as price growth rather than as increases in housing units or population in larger and denser metropolitan areas and neighborhoods. New housing is provided at increasingly higher cost in areas that have higher intensity of existing development and more restrictive regulatory environments. Both forces have strengthened over time, making quantity supplied less responsive to growing demand, driving housing price growth in many areas, and pushing housing quantity growth further out into urban fringes. As a result of such pressures on the cost of new construction, the US has recently experienced more rapid price growth and a declining influence of new construction on the housing stock.