Economic and environmental performance of controlled-environment supply chains for leaf lettuce
评估了田间种植和温室供应链将叶用莴苣运至纽约市的到岸成本与环境指标，发现温室成本高出46%-174%，能耗和全球变暖潜力更大，但田间用水量更高。
Abstract We assess landed costs and selected environmental metrics for field-based and controlled-environment agriculture greenhouse (GH) supply chains for leaf lettuce delivered to New York City. Landed costs for a GH are 46 to 174 per cent higher than field production, with the lower value for an automated GH located in the peri-urban area. Energy use and global warming potential per kg lettuce delivered were larger for the GH, particularly if located in a peri-urban area. Water use was much higher for the field-based supply chain. Controlled-environment GH technologies will require further development to meet goals for lower costs and environmental impact.