Military spending and innovation: learning from 19th-century world fair exhibition data
结合19世纪世界博览会创新数据和欧洲历史军费数据，发现国家军费开支促进了食品加工等战争后勤领域的创新，而非枪炮等战争技术，这反映了武器全球采购与食品本地市场的差异。
Abstract We provide quantitative evidence on the relationship between military spending and innovation in the 19th century. Combining innovation data from world fairs and historical military data across Europe, we show that national military spending is associated with national innovation toward war logistics such as food processing, but less toward war technology such as guns. This innovation pattern reflects differences in the historical markets for war supplies: while the armed forces sourced weapons globally, the food market remained local.