Willing or complying? The delicate interplay between voluntary and mandatory interventions to promote farmers' environmental behavior
通过实验研究欧盟农民在强制环境贡献增加或收入减少时，自愿环境行为的变化，发现强制增加会减少自愿贡献但总贡献仍可能上升，对政策制定者平衡干预措施有参考价值。
Agri-environmental policies generally build around two complementary approaches: mandatory requirements and (compensated) voluntary measures. One of the challenges of the future EU Common Agricultural Policy is precisely to find the right balance between these two types of interventions. We conducted an experiment with farmers in three EU Member States to assess the impact of (1) increasing mandatory contributions to the environment, and of (2) decreasing unconditional income support. We also assess the effect of two key behavioural factors: environmental concern and trait reactance. Results show that both interventions reduce voluntary contributions to the environment, but the reduction is higher when mandatory contributions increase than when income decreases.. However, when mandatory contribution increases substantially, this more than offsets the reduction of voluntary contributions, leading to higher total contributions.