Anger impairs strategic behavior: A Beauty-Contest based analysis
通过两个预注册实验发现，外部诱导的愤怒会显著降低参与者在选美博弈中的策略思考能力，表现为选择偏离最优反应水平、利润更低，且愤怒使零级玩家比例增加9个百分点（增幅超30%），而悲伤情绪无此效应。
The frustration-aggression hypothesis posits that anger affects economic behaviour essentially by temporally changing individual social preferences and specifically attitudes towards punishment. Here, we test a different channel in an experiment where we externally induce anger to a subgroup of participants (following a standard procedure that we verify by using a novel method of textual analysis). We show that anger can impair the capacity to think strategically in a beauty-contest game, in a pre-registered experiment. Angry participants choose numbers further away from the best response level and earn significantly lower profits. Using a finite mixture model, we show that anger increases the number of level-zero players by 9 percentage points, a percentage increase of more than 30%. Furthermore, with a second pre-registered experiment, we show that this effect is not common to all negative emotions. Sad participants do not play significantly further away from the best response level than the control group and sadness does not lead to more level-zero play.