Effects of business improvement districts on firm performance, property values and urban safety: an empirical study of five small to medium-sized Swedish towns
研究了瑞典五个中小城镇的自愿性商业改善区（BID）项目，发现其使区内企业劳动生产率提高约7%，但效果短暂，第三年后消失；对城市安全和房产价值的影响不显著。
Business improvement districts (BIDs) have emerged as possible solutions for the revitalisation of declining urban areas. We investigate the effects of a voluntary Swedish BID programme on firm performance, urban safety and property values in five small to medium-sized Swedish towns, and find that it increased labour productivity for incumbent firms within the BID by about 7%, mainly through an increase in revenues. However, the positive effect of the BID programme on firm performance is transitory, decreasing sharply during the third year after implementation and then becoming insignificant. As for urban safety and property values, the results are mostly insignificant.