Trade Globalization since 1795: Waves of Integration in the World-System
区分了作为意识形态的全球化和结构性全球化，用改进的贸易全球化指标发现1795年以来国际贸易占全球产出的比例经历了三次浪潮，并讨论了其成因和对21世纪初的启示。
The term “globalization” as used by social scientists and in popular discourse has many meanings. We contend that it is important to distinguish between globalization as a contemporary political ideology and what we call structural globalization— the increasing worldwide density of large-scale interaction networks relative to the density of smaller networks. We study one type of economic globalization over the past two centuries: the trajectory of international trade as a proportion of global production. Is trade globalization a recent phenomenon, a long-term upward trend, or a cyclical process? Using an improved measure of trade globalization, we find that there have been three waves since 1795. We discuss the possible causes of these pulsations of global integration and their implications for the early decades of the twenty-first century.