Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States
利用1995年当前人口调查数据，研究了非标准就业（如临时工、合同工等）与低薪、无医保和养老金等坏工作特征的关系，发现非标准就业显著增加工人遭遇坏工作的风险。
The prevalence of nonstandard jobs is a matter of concern if, as many assume, such jobs are bad. We examine the relationship between nonstandard employment (on-call work and day labor, temporary-help agency employment, employment with contract companies, independent contracting, other self-employment, and part-time employment in “conventional” jobs) and exposure to “bad” job characteristics, using data from the 1995 Current Population Survey. Of workers age 18 and over, 31 percent are in some type of nonstandard employment. To assess the link between type of employment and bad jobs, we conceptualize “bad jobs” as those with low pay and without access to health insurance and pension benefits. About one in seven jobs in the United States is bad on these three dimensions. Nonstandard employment strongly increases workers’ exposure to bad job characteristics, net of controls for workers’ personal characteristics, family status, occupation, and industry.