A neural network approach to the environmental Kuznets curve
利用1960-2018年跨国面板数据，结合固定效应与神经网络回归，发现生产端排放与人均GDP呈倒U型关系，但OECD的倒U型在消费端排放中消失，表明其由排放出口驱动。
We investigate the relationship between per capita gross domestic product and per capita carbon dioxide emissions using national-level panel data for the period 1960–2018. We propose a novel semiparametric panel data methodology that combines country and time fixed effects with a nonparametric neural network regression component. Globally and for the regions OECD and Asia, we find evidence of an inverse U-shaped relationship, often referred to as an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), in production-based emissions. For OECD, the EKC-shape disappears when using consumption-based emissions data, suggesting the EKC-shape observed for OECD is driven by emissions exports. For Asia, the EKC-shape becomes even more pronounced when using consumption-based emissions data and exhibits an earlier turning point.