Towards improving user awareness of search engine biases: A participatory design approach
通过参与式设计开发了八种原型，经132名计算机背景用户评估，发现告知用户偏见和提供替代搜索结果两种方法能有效提升用户对新闻搜索引擎偏见的认知。
Abstract Bias in news search engines has been shown to influence users' perceptions of a news topic and contribute to the polarisation of society. As a result, there is a need for news search engines that increase user awareness of biases in the search results. While technical approaches have been developed to mitigate biases in search, very few studies have investigated user preferences in interface designs for potentially raising their awareness of biases in news search engines. In this study, we utilized a participatory design methodology to develop eight prototypes with different features that could potentially be used to raise user awareness of biases in news search engines. We conducted three user studies, involving 132 participants with Computer Science backgrounds, to evaluate these prototypes. Our findings indicate the importance of news search engines that (a) inform users of possible biases in the results ( bias visualization approach ) and (b) allow users to access alternative search results ( results‐reranking approach ). Our study provides further insights into the strengths and possible risks of each approach, which are important for future research on designing interfaces for raising user awareness of biases in news search engines.