Child Penalties in Politics
利用挪威行政数据，研究发现女性在生育第一个孩子后，获得民选职位的机会显著低于男性，这种差异从政党提名阶段就已显现，母亲在政党名单上的排名不如父亲。
Abstract Women tend to experience a substantial decline in their labour income after their first child is born, while men do not. Do such ‘child penalties’ also exist in the political arena? Using comprehensive administrative data from Norway, we find that women are less likely than men to secure elected office after their first child is born. The effects already manifest from the nomination stage, where mothers receive less favourable rankings on party lists relative to comparable fathers. This paper broadens our understanding of a fundamental social issue in political representation and demonstrates how motherhood even affects positively selected women.