War-Driven Permanent Emigration, Sex Ratios, and Female Labor Force Participation
利用葡萄牙殖民战争引发的1960年代大规模移民造成的性别比例外生变化，研究发现男性稀缺导致女性劳动参与率上升、职业地位提升和性别工资差距缩小，而婚姻率未受影响。
<h3>Abstract</h3> We investigate the drivers of female labor force participation in the presence of unbalanced sex ratios due to a scarcity of males. To do so, we exploit exogenous variation in sex ratios across cohorts and regions, using instruments based on massive emigration in the 1960s that was fueled by the Portuguese Colonial War. As the sex ratio declined, female labor force participation increased, while the marriage rate was unaffected. Female representation among top occupations increased, and the gender pay gap declined, consistent with the predominance of a demand shock favoring female labor.