Unobserved Inputs in Household Production
研究发现，忽略未观测投入会导致家庭生产中观测投入的边际产出估计产生偏差，甚至无法确定符号；通过加入非生产性消费品的详细信息或利用需求研究结果，可以确定偏差方向并显著减小偏差。
Most household production studies ignore unobserved inputs. Without additional assumptions, however, estimated impacts of the observed inputs cannot provide informative estimates of marginal products because of contaminating variations in unobserved inputs. Not even the signs of marginal impacts can be ascertained. One can establish the direction of these biases and significantly reduce them by including detailed information about nonproductive (pure consumption) goods in the analysis. Estimates from prior demand studies can also help determine the direction of the bias. We describe the stringent assumptions one must invoke in the absence of such additional information to be able to relate estimated effects to the true marginal products.