Disruptive evolution: harnessing functional excess, experimentation, and science as tool
批判了适应主义演化观的局限性，提出功能过剩、定向实验和原始科学问题解决是驱动颠覆性创新的关键，对演化经济学和战略理论有重要启示。
Abstract We explore the limitations of the adaptationist view of evolution and propose an alternative. While gradual adaptation can explain some biological and economic diversity, it cannot account for radical innovation (especially during the past 10,000 years). We argue that ubiquitously available but dormant “functional excess” provides the raw material for evolutionary disruptions. Harnessing this excess requires directed experimentation and what we call “protoscientific” problem solving. We highlight the implications of these arguments for evolutionary theory, including evolutionary economics and strategy.