Moved to Poverty? A Legacy of the Apartheid Experiment in South Africa
研究南非种族隔离时期黑人被迫迁往“家园”对人力资本的影响，发现童年迁移显著降低教育、收入和就业率，主要源于贫困社区的环境效应。
During the South African apartheid, Black people were forced to move to homelands during the 1960s and 1970s, resulting in one of history’s largest segregation policy experiments. We examine how and why relocation to the homelands affected human capital attainment. Exploiting the staggered timing of homeland establishment in a cross-cohort identification strategy, we find that moving to the home-lands during childhood significantly reduces educational attainment, labor earnings, and employment rates in adulthood. The data suggest an important role for place effects. Moving to the homelands in childhood implies greater exposure to poorer neighborhoods, and it disproportionally reduces human capital attainment.