The Effects of Import Competition on Unionization
研究1990-2014年中国进口竞争对美国工会会员数量的影响，发现制造业内工会化小幅下降，但制造业外工会化显著上升，整体上中国进口阻止了26%的工会密度下降。
We study direct and indirect effects of Chinese import competition on union membership in the United States, 1990–2014. Import competition in manufacturing induced a modest decline in unionization within manufacturing industries. The magnitude is small because unionized manufacturers competed in higher-quality product segments. Manufacturers in right-to-work states experienced more direct competition with low-quality Chinese imports. Outside of manufacturing, however, import competition causes an important increase in union membership, as less educated women shift away from retail and toward jobs in health care and education where unions are stronger. We calculate that Chinese imports prevented 26 percent of the union density decline that would have otherwise occurred.