How to identify widespread corruption? New insights from geo‐spatial analysis
本文利用空间分析方法，通过考察捷克采购领域对政治关联企业的偏袒程度，识别腐败作为非正式制度的普遍性，发现偏袒模式在空间上普遍、时间上稳定，表明问题已成常态而非例外。
Abstract How do we know when corruption has become widespread? Despite the rich body of literature on the problem, there are few proposed methods to conceptualize and empirically identify it within a geographic context. Using spatial analysis, this paper expands the means to identify corruption as an informal institution by examining the degree to which favoritism—in the form of preferential treatment for politically connected firms—is widespread in the Czech procurement sector. Using the conceptual guidance from literature on informal institutions, the empirical results show the prevalence throughout space, the stability over time, and the places by which preferential mechanisms coordinate widespread construction award disparities. These preferential patterns, which are not limited to one or a few individuals, exhibit characteristics that the problem is less of an exception and more of the rule.