Unions and temporary workers’ wages in Spain: Testing solidarity in the good times and in the bad times
研究西班牙工会通过工厂委员会、集体协议和工会密度对临时工小时工资及与正式工工资差距的影响，发现在经济繁荣（2006-2007）和衰退（2008-2010）时期，这些机构与工资差距无显著关联，对临时工工资影响不显著或为正。
The labour market dualisation theory claims that labour unions bargain against the interests of temporary workers and that they foster inequalities between temporary and permanent employees. Conversely, the industrial relations literature argues that unions commonly follow solidaristic strategies towards outsiders. This study contributes to the literature by analysing unions' associations with temporary workers' hourly wages and the wage gap between permanent and temporary workers in Spain: one of the most prominent examples of labour market dualisation. By analysing cross-sectional surveys, unions' influence through works councils, collective agreements and union density are studied during a period of economic growth (2006-2007) and a period of recession (2008-2010). Results show that there is generally no association between these three institutions and wage differences between permanent and temporary workers. The associations with temporary workers' wages are insignificant or positive during both the period of economic growth and the period of recession.