Trade-ins and Transaction Costs in the Market for Used Business Jets
研究了耐用品制造商通过以旧换新鼓励升级的均衡效应，发现该策略在固定价格下使收入增加7.2%，但均衡中因首次购买者的替代效应，收入增益减少43%。
Manufacturers of durable goods can encourage consumers facing transaction costs to upgrade by accepting used units as trade-ins. These “buyback schemes” increase demand for new units, but increase the supply of used units if trade-ins are resold. I investigate the equilibrium effects of buyback schemes in the market for business jets. I find that buyback increases manufacturer revenue by 7.2 percent at fixed prices. However, in equilibrium this revenue gain is diminished by 43 percent due to substitution away from new jets among first time buyers. I show how the size of this cannibalization effect depends on preference heterogeneity.