Identifying heterogeneous flexibility of dairy farms using a panel smooth transition regression approach
提出基于面板平滑转换回归模型的分析框架，利用2007-2018年法国奶牛场数据，识别不同农场因投入调整成本差异导致的灵活性异质性，发现灵活性高的农场在财务和饲料方面更自主。
Abstract Our objective is to identify the individual flexibility of dairy farms, which may be the result of heterogeneous input adjustment costs, based on their observed short-run responses to price variations. For this purpose, we propose an analytical framework based on the panel smooth transition regression model with farm-specific threshold parameters. Our model is estimated using data from a sample of French dairy farms over the period 2007–2018. Our empirical results reveal heterogeneous levels of flexibility for these farms, with the most flexible farms appearing to be more autonomous both financially and in terms of animal feed.