The increasing penalty to occupation‐education mismatch
分析了1993至2019年美国大学毕业生数据，发现虽然专业与职业不匹配率仅从18%微降至17%，但工资惩罚却增加了56%，主要原因是专业构成变化和过度教育回报下降，对女性影响更明显。
Abstract College‐educated workers in jobs unrelated to their degree generally receive lower wages compared to well‐matched workers. Our analysis of data from the National Survey of College Graduates shows that although the rate of this mismatch declined only slightly (18%–17%), the wage penalty increased by 56% between 1993 and 2019. Changes in the composition of field of study over time, as well as declining returns to “excess” education above what is required for the occupation both help to explain the increasing penalty, especially for women. Mismatch has become more closely associated with lower‐return occupations for men but not women.