Democracy in and out of bureaucracy: Can participative management and public participation shape citizen satisfaction?
研究公立学校的参与式管理（内部员工参与）和公众参与（外部公民参与）如何影响公民满意度，基于PISA数据发现两者及其互动对满意度有积极效应。
This study investigates the relationship between the democratic practices of public organizations and citizen satisfaction. Specifically, it explores the effects of participative management (which engages employees inside the bureaucracy) and public participation (which engages citizens outside the bureaucracy), as well as their interaction, on citizen satisfaction in the context of education. Using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a worldwide assessment of educational practices and outcomes, this study finds some evidence of positive effects of participative management and public participation, as well as their interaction, on citizen satisfaction. These findings suggest that democratic practices, both inside and outside of public organizations, are not only normatively desirable but may also be practically beneficial.