Concepts and Calculations: Gender Differences in Willingness to Guess
通过田野实验发现，在答错扣分的情况下，女性更可能跳过计算题，而回答更多概念题；风险偏好和信心差异分别解释了计算题和概念题中的性别差距。
We present the results of a field experiment showing that gender differences in willingness to guess depend on the numerical or conceptual nature of the question for the same material/topic. When there is a penalty for incorrect answers, females are significantly more likely to skip questions that involve calculations, while they answer significantly more questions than males when they are asked to figure out the truthfulness of a concept. Differences in risk propensity help to explain the gender gap in numerical questions, and differences in confidence help to explain the gender gap in conceptual questions.