Individualism and School Performance: Evidence from PISA Test Scores
利用PISA数据，研究发现个人主义文化特质与学生成绩正相关，一个标准差提升相当于多学1.1至2.1年。
This paper analyzes whether the cultural trait of individualism affects school performance by using Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) data. Our preferred empirical specification is an instrumental variable estimation with school fixed effects and individual control variables. We find that a 1 standard deviation higher individualism index is associated with an increase of between 19 and 36 score points in science, math, and reading tests, roughly equivalent to the content of 1.1–2.1 school years. The use of Hofstede’s index or a derived individualism index from the PISA data leads to the same conclusions.