Labor Displacement in Agriculture: Evidence from Oil Palm Expansion in Indonesia
研究了印度尼西亚小农种植油棕榈对劳动力市场的影响，发现油棕榈替代其他作物导致男性农业劳动力需求增加，但女性就业率下降，尤其在土地稀缺地区。
<h3>Abstract</h3> We analyze the labor market effects of oil palm cultivation among smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Oil palm requires less labor per unit of land than alternative crops, especially less female labor. Micro-level data and nationally-representative regency-level data show that oil palm adoption, on average, led to an expansion of total cropland at the expense of forestland, resulting in higher agricultural labor demand for men. At the same time, women’s employment rates declined due to a substantial decrease in agricultural family labor, which was most evident in regions with high initial land scarcity and thus limited options for cropland expansion.