The last free traders? Interwar trade policy in the Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies
研究荷兰与荷属东印度群岛在大萧条后如何应对保护主义浪潮，基于原始资料构建产品级关税与非关税壁垒数据库，发现两国保护水平与英国、印度相当，且荷属东印度的配额制度主要保护荷兰出口商。
Abstract There has still been too little detailed work on the protectionism that emerged in the wake of the Great Depression. In this paper we explore the experiences of two countries that have been largely neglected in the literature, the Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies (NEI). How did these traditionally free‐trading economies respond to the Depression? We construct a detailed product‐level database of tariff and non‐tariff barriers to trade on the basis of primary sources. While ad valorem tariff increases in the Netherlands were largely due to deflation, the country protected agriculture and textiles in a number of ways. Once quotas are taken into account, trade restrictiveness indices suggest that protection in the Netherlands and NEI was comparable to protection in the UK and India, respectively. The NEI quota system was largely geared to protecting Dutch exporters, and succeeded in doing so, but the reverse was not true.