Protests, long-term preferences, and populism: Evidence from 1968 in Europe
研究发现，1968年欧洲抗议活动暴露程度越高，年轻人对本国政府的不满越强，投票给民粹主义政党的概率也越高，且该效应仅对当时18-25岁的人群成立。
Abstract In 1968, young people grew up in an atmosphere of strong dissatisfaction and distrust against the status quo. We show that higher exposure to protests in 1968 leads to higher dissatisfaction toward national governments and raises the probability of voting for populist parties. Consistently with the impressionable years hypothesis, we find these effects valid only for those aged between 18 and 25 years during 1968. Our results are robust to a series of placebo tests and to alternative definitions of our treatment and control groups. We find that our results are driven by individuals with a middle or low level of education. We also find suggestive evidence that the mechanisms driving our results can depend on individuals’ level of education.