Gender Attitudes in the Judiciary: Evidence from US Circuit Courts
通过分析法官撰写的判决书中的性别刻板语言，构建了法官个人层面的性别态度指标，发现性别态度更保守的法官在性别相关案件中投票更保守，且与女性同事互动时表现出更多偏见。
Do gender attitudes influence interactions with female judges in US circuit courts? In this paper, we propose a judge-specific measure of gender attitudes based on use of gender-stereotyped language in the judge’s authored opinions. Exploiting quasi-random assignment of judges to cases and conditioning on judges’ characteristics, we validate the measure showing that higher-slant judges vote more conservatively in gender-related cases. Higher-slant judges interact differently with female colleagues: they are more likely to reverse lower court decisions if the lower court judge is a woman than a man, are less likely to assign opinions to female judges, and cite fewer female-authored opinions.