Government, trusts, and the making of better roads in early nineteenth century England and Wales
研究了19世纪早期英格兰和威尔士道路改善中政府与收费公路信托的作用，发现政府直接资助有限，而非营利信托通过吸引公私资本建设了更多高质量道路。
Abstract Who develops infrastructure? This paper introduces new data to explain which actors developed better roads in early nineteenth century England and Wales. We find that central Government sponsorship and financing of new roads was limited to 100 miles on sections of the politically important London-Holyhead Road. By comparison non-profit turnpike trusts made almost thirty times more new road mileage by attracting both public and private capital. Although the London-Holyhead Road had the highest quality, most turnpike trust roads were good. By government working with and through trusts, a better road network developed, especially in industrializing areas and along Mail routes.