Removing Barriers to Entry in Medicine: Evidence from Pakistan
研究了1992年巴基斯坦医学院招生标准平等化改革的影响，发现该改革使女医生就业率提高21个百分点，总体医生就业率提高9个百分点，同时导致男性医学毕业生收入增加，但医生更集中于城市地区。
Abstract In 1992, Pakistan equalized admissions criteria for women and men applying to medical schools, causing a rapid increase in the female share of medical graduates. Using birth cohort variation, I find that equalizing admissions criteria increased employment among female doctors by 21 percentage points and among doctors overall by 9 percentage points, even though female doctors are less likely to be employed than male doctors. Earnings for male medical graduates increased as lower ability males were crowded out. The 1992 reform led to increased gender diversification in a wide range of medical specialties, but it also concentrated doctors in urban districts where women prefer to practice.