From Time Wrinkling to Time Razing Disruptions: Understanding Temporal Resilience
提出时间韧性理论，分析外部冲击如何打乱个体的时间平衡，并基于干扰的位移和持续时间分类四种干扰类型，探讨个体通过调整、吸收或采纳三种反应恢复时间适应的过程。
Under established and known demands for their time, individuals are in general temporal equilibrium. When exogeneous shocks alter those temporal demands, objective and subjective temporal misfit ensues, and individual functioning suffers. We propose a theory that describes the process of temporal resilience—as in, resilience about time, not over time. The theory starts with disruptions of temporal equilibrium and ends with individual functioning trajectories as temporal resilience outcomes. We argue that while the displacement of temporal disruptions (i.e., the dissimilarity in temporal demands pre- and post-disruption) has a negative effect on individual functioning, their duration (i.e., the length of occurrence of the disruption) has a reverse J-shaped one. Then, using displacement and duration, we develop a typology of disruptions as time wrinkling, ripping, reshaping, and razing. Next, we propose that individuals can react to those temporal disruptions via three temporal resilience responses: adjusting, absorbing, or adopting. These three responses differentially and respectively allow the individual to return to either objective, subjective, or both forms of temporal fit. Further, depending on the type of disruption, each temporal resilience response sets the individual onto particular trajectories toward the previous temporal equilibrium or to a new, more optimal one.