Inter-organizational networking in emerging markets
研究了俄罗斯和印度企业从创立至今的网络构建过程，发现随着组织成长和制度改善，网络从强个人关系转向保持距离的合同关系，并出现基于所有权的专有网络。
Personal networks are essential in emerging markets (EMs) as they serve to fill formal institutional voids by creating arrangements amongst actors based on trust and reciprocity. Nevertheless, the processes of inter-organizational networking development are scant in the EM literature. This study aims to fill this gap and provide an in-depth “long history” analysis of Russia’s and India’s firms’ networking arrangements from organizational inception to the most recent history. We find that as organizations grow and institutional environments improve, inter-organizational networks develop from strong personal to arms-length contractual ties between organizations. Further, as organizations in EMs grow, internalization and vertical integration force firms to engage in proprietary networks based on ownership commitments. The study highlights the continuing relevance of personal networks based on various affiliations despite the prevalence of formal networks in the mature stages of organizational development. This study is unique in proffering inter-organizational development processes in EMs.