Public Child Care Provision: Unraveling the Consequences of Implementation Variations for Women's Time Allocation
基于哥斯达黎加国家托育政策对女性时间分配影响的分析，发现托育服务总体上增加了女性劳动参与和教育入学，减少了无偿照料工作，但不同实施机构的效果存在显著差异。
Abstract From analysis of the effects of a national childcare policy on women's time allocation in Costa Rica, it is found that childcare services are associated with increased female labor force participation, greater educational enrollment, and reduced unpaid care work. However, a comparison of two implementing agencies indicates that the overall effects vary by agency. One agency's services yield positive outcomes, such as increased labor force participation, reduced unpaid care work, and increased educational attendance; the other agency's results are less favorable, particularly for part-time childcare users. These findings highlight the challenges governments face when scaling up interventions, as different implementing agencies may modify program criteria, serve distinct populations, and offer varying services. While policies can be effective on a smaller scale, impacts may differ when they are scaled up. Understanding these variations can help governments adapt policies and reallocate resources to achieve their intended goals.