Green technological diversification: The role of international linkages in leaders, followers and catching-up countries
研究了49个国家40年间如何通过国际合作实现绿色技术多样化，发现互补性联系比单纯外部联系更关键，且不同技术地位国家（领先者、追赶者、追随者）的多样化路径不同。
To promote a more environmentally sustainable economy, countries need to broaden their innovation activities to include green technologies. In this process, the increasing global interconnectedness and internationalisation of innovative activities underlines the growing importance of external knowledge linkages. This paper examines how different categories of countries - technological leaders, catching-up countries and follower countries - diversify into green technologies by exploiting different types of external linkages through co-inventions with international partners. The dataset covers 49 countries over a period of 40 years. The results show that it is complementary linkages, rather than external linkages alone, that facilitate related diversification in the green sector. Moreover, while complementary linkages have a significant impact on the ability of catching-up countries and followers to diversify into less complex and widely diffused green technologies, the diversification pattern of leaders is more oriented towards complex technologies in their early stages. Therefore, green technology development policies should actively promote international cooperation as it has the potential to catalyse green catching-up and foster sustainable growth.