Economic insecurity and the demand for populism in Europe
利用欧洲个人投票调查数据，发现经济不安全感直接和间接（通过改变信任和态度）显著增加民粹主义投票份额，且近40%的民粹票变化源于不安全感导致的投票率下降。
We document the spiral of populism in Europe and the direct and indirect role of economic insecurity shocks. Using survey data on individual voting, we make two contributions to the literature. (i) Economic insecurity shocks have a significant impact on the populist vote share, directly as demand for protection, and indirectly through the induced changes in trust and attitudes. (ii) A key consequence of increased economic insecurity is a drop in turnout. The impact of this largely neglected turnout effect is substantial: conditional on voting, when economic insecurity increases, almost 40% of the induced change in the vote for a populist party comes from the turnout channel.