Contracting, market access and deforestation
研究了加纳一项旨在增加小农户参与油棕商品市场的项目，发现改善市场准入通过生产合同显著增加了目标村庄的森林砍伐。
We study the impacts of market access on forest loss in Ghana through a program designed to increase smallholder participation in oil palm commodity markets. Improved market access is facilitated through production contracts in which smallholders receive credit to establish production, a guaranteed price and quantity for the contract duration, and output pickup at the village. Using a variety of difference-in-differences approaches, we find substantial increases in forest loss in targeted villages following the introduction of the contracting program. The findings suggest that the ecological impacts of reforms to market access may be sizable.