Subsistence entrepreneurship and intersectional inequalities: a case study of women from Pakistani urban-poor districts
本研究采用交叉性视角，通过44次半结构化访谈和4次焦点小组讨论，揭示了巴基斯坦城市贫困区妇女在生存型创业中面临的社会阶层、经济不平等及父权规范（如荣誉和面纱）如何共同加剧其不利处境，挑战了创业作为社会解放的公平中性活动的观点。
Purpose The study adopts an intersectional approach to identify the key dimension(s) that reproduce inequalities in women's subsistence entrepreneurship within urban-poor settings in the global south. Design/methodology/approach The in-depth case study is based on 44 semi-structured interviews and four focus-group discussions with women entrepreneurs based within urban-poor dwellings in the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Findings The authors contribute to the literature by identifying how intersecting socio-class and socioeconomic inequalities, and patriarchal norms of izzat (meaning: honour, respect) and purdah (or veil), perpetuate disadvantage for women entrepreneurs producing and/or selling business goods and services. Originality/value The findings challenge the view of entrepreneurship as a meritocratic and neutral activity for social emancipation. The authors argue that multiple social hierarchies and inequalities operate simultaneously, but how these are understood, exercised and reproduce disadvantage for women entrepreneurs, depends on their social class. The authors propose a triple bind of domestic, market and societal inequalities as a heuristic framework for understanding intersecting inequalities, patriarchy and subsistence entrepreneurship in Pakistan, specifically the global south.