A carbon tax versus clean subsidies: Optimal and suboptimal policies for the clean transition
构建了一个包含服务业、清洁和肮脏三个部门的内生技术综合评估模型，比较了碳税、清洁研究补贴、清洁生产补贴和肮脏研究税等政策工具在清洁转型中的表现，发现碳税在多数情况下最优，但若最优政策在2050年后实施，各工具在不同校准中各有优势。
A three-sector – services, clean and dirty - integrated assessment model with endogenous technology is described. Optimal policy leads to a period of intense clean research and requires a carbon tax and clean research subsidies. Using multiple calibrations, I explore the relative performance of these instruments when acting alone, along with a clean production subsidy and a dirty research tax. A carbon tax wins in most, but if optimal policy occurs after 2050, each instrument wins in some calibrations. Both a carbon tax and a clean production subsidy should apply if research instruments are unavailable..