Extreme events, decentralisation and the effective number of parties
研究11个西方民主国家发现，大衰退和新冠疫情等广泛危机导致政党数量增加，但影响取决于地方分权的水平和类型：自治权强的地区政党增加较少，而能影响中央决策的地区政党增加更多。
An examination of eleven Western democracies reveals that widespread crises like the Great Recession and COVID-19 spurred increases in the number of parties with the effect of the recession proportional to its depth. The impact of these crises, however, depended upon the level and the type of regional decentralisation. Regions with stronger autonomous control over their own affairs – known as self-rule – had fewer additional parties than regions with little internal power. In contrast, regions that possess powers giving them greater influence over central government actions – known as shared rule – saw a greater increase in the number of parties than regions lacking these powers.