Institutional Parasites
提出“制度寄生虫”概念，指依赖制度生存却暗中破坏该制度的非法群体，分析其如何通过非法活动引起精英行动者的注意，进而导致制度漂移、分层或改革，揭示制度维持与变迁的模糊关系。
In this paper, we conceptualize the “institutional parasite” and examine its role in institutional change and maintenance. Institutional parasites are a widespread group of illegitimate actors that undermine the institution their livelihood depends on. Through their illegitimate activities, they may alert “institutional functionaries”: elite institutional actors capable of maintaining and changing the institution. Depending on the functionaries’ reactions, we show there are three potential outcomes: institutional drift, layering, or reform. Through our theorization of the institutional parasite, we point to the role of deviant actors in maintaining institutional arrangements, driving unintended institutional change, and we highlight the ambiguous relationship between institutional change and maintenance: sometimes, maintaining an institution requires changing it.