Urban Transit Infrastructure and Inequality
通过新加坡市区线的开通案例，研究发现高收入工人获得较大福利收益，而低收入工人收益甚微，且忽略消费出行会低估群体间的不平等影响。
Abstract We propose a quantitative spatial model featuring heterogeneous worker groups and their travel to consume non-tradable goods and services. We consider the opening of the Downtown Line (DTL) in Singapore, which connected regions where high-income households have residential amenities to where non-traded sectors are productive. Leveraging transit farecard data, we show that high-income workers saw large welfare gains but low-income workers gained little. Everyone enjoyed improved access to consumption opportunities, but low-income jobs in non-tradables moved to less attractive workplaces. Abstracting from consumption travel understates the disparate impact across worker groups three-fold.