From Alternative Development to Decolonisation: Transforming Drug Crop Policies in Bolivia
基于查帕雷地区的民族志数据，追踪2006-2019年莫拉莱斯政府如何打破美国主导的根除和替代种植模式，转向‘古柯叶可以，可卡因不行’的本土化政策，并分析其成就与局限。
Bolivia’s ‘coca yes, cocaine no’ policy towards drug crops offers a useful lens to examine Evo Morales government’s decolonisation efforts, as unlike other government attempts, it had both local and international aspects. Using ethnographic data from the Chapare, one of Bolivia’s two principal coca growing regions, this article traces how the Morales government’s development policy between 2006-2019 broke with U.S.-led militarised eradication and crop substitution. Partially assisted by a European Union municipal strengthening program, coca policy was ‘nationalised’, permitting registered growers to cultivate a limited amount of the leaf. Unlike U.S.- financed ‘alternative development’, the new approach fostered self-determination, revalued coca’s traditional role and front-loaded development assistance. These reflect both decolonisation goals and international development best practices. And yet, despite significant achievements, particularly in reducing violent confrontation with the state, the overarching international prohibitionist paradigm, domestic dynamics, and a steady demand for cocaine put the brakes on just how far domestic innovation in development-oriented drug control strategies can go.